Platicrista

Genus description from Pilato 1987: “The bucco-pharyngeal apparatus is of the Diphascon model with the apophyses for the insertion of the muscles of the stylets in the shape of ‘very wide and flat ridges’; they are symmetrical with respect to the frontal plane; and with the caudal processes poorly developed and pointing sideways; the furcae have the […]

Pilatobius

Genus description from Bertolani et al. 2014: “The same characters as the subfamily. Remarks: most of the known species with cuticular bars on legs and (or) with a sculptured cuticle.” Citations: Bertolani R, Guidetti R, Marchioro T, Altiero T, Rebecchi L, Cesari M. 2014. Phyloeny of Eutardigrada: New molecular data and their morphological support lead to the […]

Microhypsibius

Genus description from Thulin 1928: “Krallen vom ersten Typus. Placoidenreihen des Schlundkopfes verhältnismässig lang, jede aus drei Macroplacoiden zusammengesetzt. Mundröhre nicht besonders eng, beinahe gerade. Körperoberfläche glatt.” Translated: Claws of the first [Microhysibius] type. Placoid rows of the pharynx relatively long, each composed of three macroplacoids. Buccal tube not particularly narrow, almost straight. Body surface […]

Acutuncus

Genus description from Pilato & Binda 1997: “Hypsibiidae, Hypsibiinae. Dorso-lateral elliptical organs on the head absent. Outer claws of the first three pairs of legs and posterior claws of the hind legs similar to those found in Isohypsibius. Inner claws of the first three pairs of legs and anterior claws of the hind legs conform to […]

Bindius

Genus description from Pilato 2009: “Claws of Hypsibius type. The bucco-pharyngeal apparatus […] is a variant of the Diphascon model (Pilato & Binda, 1983): the bucco-pharyngeal tube is subdivided into a rigid buccal tube and a flexible pharyngeal tube with a spiral thickening; buccal tube without ventral lamina. The dorsal and ventral apophyses for the insertion of the stylet […]

Cryoconicus

Genus description from Zawierucha et al. 2018: “Juveniles light-brown, adults intensely dark-brown. Peribuccal lamellae and papulae absent. Buccal apparatus of the Ramazzottius type, with asymmetrical apophyses for the insertion of the stylet muscles and two macroplacoids; microplacoid and septulum absent. Claws of the Ramazzottius type, but without accessory points. The posterior primary branch almost uniform in diameter from the base to […]

Hebesuncus

Genus description from Pilato 1987: “The bucco-pharyngeal apparatus is of the Diphascon model with the apophyses for the insertion of the muscles of the stylets in the shape of a ‘blunt hook’; the dorsal hook is different in shape and size from the ventral one with consequent asymmetry with respect to the frontal plane; the caudal processes […]

Mixibius

Genus description from Pilato 1992: “Hypsibiidae, organi ellittici sul cap assenti; unghie esterne di tipo Isohypsibius ed interne dello stesso tipo ma un po’modificate in quanto l’angolo fra unghia basale e ramo secondario è un po’maggiore di 90°; apparato bucco-faringeo con tubo boccale rigido, privo di sbarretta di rinforzo ventrale e con una lieve asimmetria rispetto al […]

Itaquascon

Genus description from Pilato 1997: “Claws of the Hypsibius-type; bucco-pharyngeal tube subdivided into an anterior, rigid portion (buccal tube) and a posterior, flexible portion (pharyngeal tube) provided with a spiral thickening. Stylet supports present. Buccal tube, without ventral lamina, clearly longer than the apophyses for the insertion of the muscles of the stylets. Apophyses for the […]

Ramazzottius

Genus description from Binda & Pilato 1986: “Hypsibiidae con unghie di tipo oberhaeuseri; le due diplounghie di ciascuna zampa molto diverse fra loro; apparato bucco-faringeo costruito secondo il modello Hypsibius con tubo boccale rigido e apofisi per l’inserzione dei muscoli degli stiletti ‘ad uncino smussato’ e asimmetriche rispetto al piano frontale; è presente un organo sensoriale ellittico dorsolaterale […]

Claw Symmetry Relative To Median Plane Of Leg?

Image from Bingemer J, Hohberg K. 2017. An illustrated identification key to the eutardigrade species (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada) presently known from European soils. Soil Organisms. 89 (3): 127-149.

Stylet Support Insertion Point As Percentage Of Buccal Tube Length

Stylet support insertion point = ss divided by Buccal tube length, as %. Note anterior measurements begin at anterior margin of stylet sheaths, ss is centred where stylet supports reach buccal tube (this requires a good dorsal or lateral view for proper measurement)


Image from Tumanov DV. 2006. Five new species of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae). Zootaxa. 1122: 1-23.

Buccal Tube Long, Mouth At Anterior Of A Protrusible Snout

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal Tube With Spiral Reinforcement

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Peribuccal papillae?

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

(Lateral) cephalic papillae, peribuccal papillae, Milnesiidae - type claws, exceptionally wide (and usually short) buccal tube?

Cephalic image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Claw image modified from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal tube flexible?

Note: in a tardigrade with snout extended, the flex of the pharyngeal tube may not be obvious.


Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Serrated / dentate cuff / collar on legs IV

Left image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Right Image from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Leg sensory structures

Typically papilla on leg IV (se4 in image) and variable shape on leg I


Image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Trunk appendages

Appendages (after Cirrus A) labeled according to plate … B (Scapular plate), C (First segmental plate), D (Second segmental plate), E (terminal plate). “B” is lateral, “Bd” is dorsal

Be careful! There can be great variability within a population, with individuals (especially juveniles) lacking some appendages. When in doubt, focus on other characters first!


Left image from Ramazzotti G, Maucci W. 1983. Il phylum Tardigrada(III edizione riveduta e aggiornata). English translation by C. W. Beasley, 1995. Memorie dell’ Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41: 1-1012.

Right image cropped from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Cirrus A form

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Lower image (Mopsechiniscus) modified from du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1944. Sobre tardigrados brasileiros. Communicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. 1(13): 1-19 plus plates.

Terminal / caudal plate with two notches?

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

First image (Echiniscus) modified from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Inner & outer buccal cirri present

Image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Pseudosegmental plate between last medial plate & terminal plate?

Note on 2nd image, what you see before the terminal plate is either no plate, or a full-width medial plate; don’t confuse the latter with a pseudosegmental plate!
Also, sometimes the pseudosegmental plate is paired, like segmental plates II & III. It’s still pseudosegmental!

Images from Clifford HF. 1991. Aquatic invertebrates of Alberta. University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.

Segmental plates larger than intersegmental?

Image modified from Lindahl & Balser (1999), http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage35.html

Any Paired Plates?

Modified from Lindahl K, Balser S.  1999. Key to tardigrade genera [Internet]. Available from: https://sun.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage33.html