Genus description from Cooper, 1964: “Mouth without discernible palps or other appendages, dorsally and laterally enclosed by a well-defined cuticular frontal element which caps and delineates the “head” ; no cephalic appendages, no lateral cirrus, no clava, and no discernible eye-spots. Body naked; cuticle evidently regionally thickened dorsally, annulated by transverse lines of flexion, but […]
Note: in a tardigrade with snout extended, the flex of the pharyngeal tube may not be obvious.
Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
tenuis: With stalk, a long common tract formed by the joined primary & secondary branches, and distal sections of both the secondary branch – shorter than the primary – and primary branch forming almost a right angle.
Insuetifurca: Modified hufelandi: Basal section subdivided into a very short stem & a large distal portion.
hufelandi: Primary & secondary branches rigidly joined, forming an acute angle, with variable but long common basal tract and cylindrical stalk.
Dactylobiotus: Basal section a trapezoidal lamina; secondary branch clearly shorter than primary and inserted near the base of the latter; the two branches form an almost right angle.
Mesobiotus: Primary & secondary branches rigidly joined, forming acute angle, with variable but long common basal tract with internal septum defining a distal part, with cylindrical stalk. Often very prominent, strong accessory point on primary.
Murrayon: Basal section a trapezoidal lamina; primary & secondary branches joined to each other for a very short portion and form an acute angle.
Xerobiotus: Whole double claw equally sclerified; basal section not subdivided into a basal stem & distinct distal portion; no separating septa present; primary & secondary branches rigidly joined forming an acute angle.
Hypsibius: Secondary branch forming a continuous curve with its basal tract; in external claws the primary branch connected to the basal tract with a flexible part while the inner claw is rigid.
Ramazzottius: External claws with basal section longer than the secondary branch; primary branch very long and slender and connected to basal tract with an evident, thin, flexible tract; internal claws short & stout, rigid.
Ramajendas: External claws similar to Hypsibius type with extremely long and slender primary branch; internal claw similar to Isohypsibius type.
Microhypsibius: Small, rigid, with an evident thin basal tract continuous with the primary branch; secondary branch rigidly joined to the primary branch at a distance from the base of the claw.
Calohypsibius: Small, rigid, in frontal view with a base as large as the sum of the primary and secondary branch widths, without a suture between the two branches.
Hexapodibius: Very short, without common basal tract, with base as large as the sum of the primary and secondary branches.
Isohypsibius: Secondary branch inserted perpendicularly on the claw basal tract.
Eremobiotus: Isohypsibius-type very modified with two branches of each claw joined to one another for a long portion of their length constituting a large common tract from which the two distal tracts diverge forming an angle of almost 180°.
Bertolanius: Subdivided into three distinct sections: basal section, secondary branch and primary branch (rigidly joined to the secondary branch), one on top of the other and separated by septa; the angles between the main and secondary branch different in external and internal claws – and acute angle (about 45°) is formed by the external claw, and an almost right angle (about 80°) by the internal claw; internal claws can rotate on their base up to 180°.
Vladimirobius: external at least 2x length of internal (measured from base of claw), internal very wide at the junction of primary and secondary branches, short and thin basal part, primary branches with very prominent gibbosity-like projection near the junction of primary and secondary branches; external very thin with long basal part; accessory points of both claws very near to end of primary branch.
Calcarobiotus: Basal section, with or without basal spurs, subdivided into a thin flexible stem & a wide distal section in the shape of an upside-down triangle distally delmited by a septum; primary & secondary branches similar in shape & size.
Macroversum: Basal section subdivided into a thin, flexible, stem and distal portion not very sclerotized; primary & secondary branches connected to each other for a short portion and form an almost right angle.
Left image: Anguas-Escalante, A., De Jesús Navarrete, A., Demilio, E., Pérez-Pech, W.A. & Hansen, J.G. (2020). A new species of Tardigrada from a Caribbean reef lagoon, Florarctus yucatanensis sp. nov. (Halechiniscidae: Florarctinae). Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 62, 377-385.
Right image: Fontoura, P., Bartels, B.J., Jørgensen, A., Kristensen, R.M. & Hansen, J.G. (2017) A dichotomous key to the genera of the marine Heterotardigrades (Tardigrada). Zootaxa, 4294, 1-45.
Note: If specimen has pads instead of digits, select “Pads”
Note: If unsure of form, select “Present”
Note: If unsure of form, select “Present”
Note: If unsure of form, select “indistinct” for cirrophore
Note: Secondary clavae can have similar forms to primary clavae. However, secondary clavae can be flat structures of varying shapes around the mouth cone area
Note: Clavae forms can vary between species
Note: Select “Ventral plates” if visible.
Note: Specimen can have some or none of these traits. Select those that apply.
Note: Specimen can have some or none of these traits. Select those that apply.
Image from Bingemer J, Hohberg K. 2017. An illustrated identification key to the eutardigrade species (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada) presently known from European soils. Soil Organisms. 89 (3): 127-149.
Stylet support insertion point = ss divided by Buccal tube length, as %. Note anterior measurements begin at anterior margin of stylet sheaths, ss is centred where stylet supports reach buccal tube (this requires a good dorsal or lateral view for proper measurement)
Image from Tumanov DV. 2006. Five new species of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae). Zootaxa. 1122: 1-23.
Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
Cephalic image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.
Claw image modified from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
Note: in a tardigrade with snout extended, the flex of the pharyngeal tube may not be obvious.
Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.
Left image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.
Right Image from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Typically papilla on leg IV (se4 in image) and variable shape on leg I
Image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.
Appendages (after Cirrus A) labeled according to plate … B (Scapular plate), C (First segmental plate), D (Second segmental plate), E (terminal plate). “B” is lateral, “Bd” is dorsal
Be careful! There can be great variability within a population, with individuals (especially juveniles) lacking some appendages. When in doubt, focus on other characters first!
Left image from Ramazzotti G, Maucci W. 1983. Il phylum Tardigrada(III edizione riveduta e aggiornata). English translation by C. W. Beasley, 1995. Memorie dell’ Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41: 1-1012.
Right image cropped from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.
Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.
Lower image (Mopsechiniscus) modified from du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1944. Sobre tardigrados brasileiros. Communicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. 1(13): 1-19 plus plates.
Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.
First image (Echiniscus) modified from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.
Image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.
Note on 2nd image, what you see before the terminal plate is either no plate, or a full-width medial plate; don’t confuse the latter with a pseudosegmental plate!
Also, sometimes the pseudosegmental plate is paired, like segmental plates II & III. It’s still pseudosegmental!
Images from Clifford HF. 1991. Aquatic invertebrates of Alberta. University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.
Image modified from Lindahl & Balser (1999), http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage35.html
Modified from Lindahl K, Balser S. 1999. Key to tardigrade genera [Internet]. Available from: https://sun.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage33.html
