Beorn

Cooper, K.W. (1964) The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from cretaceous amber. Psyche, 71(2), 41-48.

Class: Eutardigrada

Order: Parachela

Family: Hypsibiidae

Subfamily: Incerta subfamilia

Click taxa for descriptions

Genus description from Cooper, 1964: “Mouth without discernible palps or other appendages, dorsally and laterally enclosed by a well-defined cuticular frontal element which caps and delineates the “head” ; no cephalic appendages, no lateral cirrus, no clava, and no discernible eye-spots. Body naked; cuticle evidently regionally thickened dorsally, annulated by transverse lines of flexion, but not sclerotized into distinct exoskeletal plaques either dorsally or ventrally. Legs moderately long, telescopable; each leg with four claws (or 2 two-branched claws ?), and with a short, anterior, flattened, apical cuticular extension or spine, but without lateral or basal papillae.”

Genus description abridged from Mapalo et al. 2004 (based on only extant specimen): “Length of at least 309 μm since it is
slightly bent at the section between the third and fourth pairs of legs. The cuticle appears to be smooth with no visible cuticular extensions, but cuticular folds are expressed on the dorsal side, potentially produced during preservation. Eyespots were not observed. The legs are lobopodous but feature transverse cuticular folds likely produced by cuticle shrinkage during preservation, and it is not telescopic as indicated in its original description. The external and internal claws
(posterior and anterior claws in the fourth leg) differ greatly in shape and size. The external and posterior claws feature a secondary branch forming a continuous curve with its basal tract and the primary branch connected with an evident flexible part while the internal and anterior claws are more robust and rigid. These features correspond to Hypsibius-type claws as expressed in members of the family Hypsibiidae. The external and posterior claws have primary branches that are clearly longer than the secondary branches. Pseudolunules were not observed, while accessory points are observed on the posterior
claws.”

Legg, W.M. (1942) Collection, preparation, and statistical study of fossil insects from chemawinite. Senior Thesis, Dept of Biology, Princeton University. in Cooper, K.W. (1964) The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from cretaceous amber. Psyche, 71(2), 41-48.
Modified from Mapalo MA, Wolfe JM, Ortega-Hernánd J. 2024. Cretaceous amber inclusions illuminate the evolutionary origin of tardigrades. Communications Biology. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06643-2

Citations:

Cooper, K.W. (1964) The first fossil tardigrade: Beorn leggi Cooper, from cretaceous amber. Psyche, 71(2), 41-48.

Mapalo MA, Wolfe JM, Ortega-Hernánd J. 2024. Cretaceous amber inclusions illuminate the evolutionary origin of tardigrades. Communications Biology. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06643-2

Claw Symmetry Relative To Median Plane Of Leg?

Image from Bingemer J, Hohberg K. 2017. An illustrated identification key to the eutardigrade species (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada) presently known from European soils. Soil Organisms. 89 (3): 127-149.

Stylet Support Insertion Point As Percentage Of Buccal Tube Length

Stylet support insertion point = ss divided by Buccal tube length, as %. Note anterior measurements begin at anterior margin of stylet sheaths, ss is centred where stylet supports reach buccal tube (this requires a good dorsal or lateral view for proper measurement)


Image from Tumanov DV. 2006. Five new species of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae). Zootaxa. 1122: 1-23.

Buccal Tube Long, Mouth At Anterior Of A Protrusible Snout

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal Tube With Spiral Reinforcement

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Peribuccal papillae?

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

(Lateral) cephalic papillae, peribuccal papillae, Milnesiidae - type claws, exceptionally wide (and usually short) buccal tube?

Cephalic image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Claw image modified from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal tube flexible?

Note: in a tardigrade with snout extended, the flex of the pharyngeal tube may not be obvious.


Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Serrated / dentate cuff / collar on legs IV

Left image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Right Image from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Leg sensory structures

Typically papilla on leg IV (se4 in image) and variable shape on leg I


Image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Trunk appendages

Appendages (after Cirrus A) labeled according to plate … B (Scapular plate), C (First segmental plate), D (Second segmental plate), E (terminal plate). “B” is lateral, “Bd” is dorsal

Be careful! There can be great variability within a population, with individuals (especially juveniles) lacking some appendages. When in doubt, focus on other characters first!


Left image from Ramazzotti G, Maucci W. 1983. Il phylum Tardigrada(III edizione riveduta e aggiornata). English translation by C. W. Beasley, 1995. Memorie dell’ Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41: 1-1012.

Right image cropped from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Cirrus A form

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Lower image (Mopsechiniscus) modified from du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1944. Sobre tardigrados brasileiros. Communicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. 1(13): 1-19 plus plates.

Terminal / caudal plate with two notches?

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

First image (Echiniscus) modified from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Inner & outer buccal cirri present

Image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Pseudosegmental plate between last medial plate & terminal plate?

Note on 2nd image, what you see before the terminal plate is either no plate, or a full-width medial plate; don’t confuse the latter with a pseudosegmental plate!
Also, sometimes the pseudosegmental plate is paired, like segmental plates II & III. It’s still pseudosegmental!

Images from Clifford HF. 1991. Aquatic invertebrates of Alberta. University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.

Segmental plates larger than intersegmental?

Image modified from Lindahl & Balser (1999), http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage35.html

Any Paired Plates?

Modified from Lindahl K, Balser S.  1999. Key to tardigrade genera [Internet]. Available from: https://sun.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage33.html