Aerobius

Aerobius habitus
Cropped from Mapalo MA, Wolfe JM, Ortega-Hernánd J. 2024. Cretaceous amber inclusions illuminate the evolutionary origin of tardigrades. Communications Biology. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06643-2

Class: Eutardigrada

Order: Parachela

Superfamily: Hypsibioidea

Family: Incerta familia

Click taxa for descriptions

Genus description abridged from Mapalo et al. 2004 (based on only extant specimen): “Body length is ~100 μm. The cuticle appears to be smooth with no observable protuberances. Cuticular folds are observed on the dorsal side, mostly likely due to its preservation in a shriveled state. Eyespots were not observed. A faint oval-shaped outline can be observed on the dorso-lateral side of the head region. Its distinct outline compared to other parts of the body is more evident in inverted greyscale images. The mouth opening can be observed and appears to be smooth and devoid of peribuccal structures (e.g., peribuccal lamellae and peribuccal papulae, On the first to third legs, the external and internal claws have slightly similar sizes, but their shape differs greatly. The external claws have a modified Isohypsibius-type configuration (most evident in claw II) wherein the secondary branch and basal section form a right angle, but the primary branch is connected to the basal section with an evident flexible part, characterized by a curved base of the primary branch, similar to what is observed in Beorn leggi and other extant tardigrades with Hypsibius-type and Ramazzottius-type claws. In contrast, the fourth leg pair
possess posterior and anterior claws that are greatly different in shape and size. The fourth leg posterior claws appear to be either typical Hypsibius-type claws wherein the secondary branch forms a continuous curve with the basal section or modified Isohypsibius-type claws similar to the first three legs. Unfortunately, the orientation of the claws does not allow us to confidently discern between these two character options. An evident flexible connection between the primary branch and basal section is present. Furthermore, the primary branch of the posterior claw in the fourth leg is notably longer than its associated secondary branch. These differences between the two branches are not obvious in the external claws of the first to third legs. The internal and anterior claws appear to be robust and rigid. Pseudolunules are at least observed in the internal
claws, while accessory points are observed in the external and posterior claws.

Aerobius claws
Cropped from Mapalo MA, Wolfe JM, Ortega-Hernánd J. 2024. Cretaceous amber inclusions illuminate the evolutionary origin of tardigrades. Communications Biology. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06643-2

Citations:

Mapalo MA, Wolfe JM, Ortega-Hernánd J. 2024. Cretaceous amber inclusions illuminate the evolutionary origin of tardigrades. Communications Biology. 7: 953. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06643-2

Claw Symmetry Relative To Median Plane Of Leg?

Image from Bingemer J, Hohberg K. 2017. An illustrated identification key to the eutardigrade species (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada) presently known from European soils. Soil Organisms. 89 (3): 127-149.

Stylet Support Insertion Point As Percentage Of Buccal Tube Length

Stylet support insertion point = ss divided by Buccal tube length, as %. Note anterior measurements begin at anterior margin of stylet sheaths, ss is centred where stylet supports reach buccal tube (this requires a good dorsal or lateral view for proper measurement)


Image from Tumanov DV. 2006. Five new species of the genus Milnesium (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Milnesiidae). Zootaxa. 1122: 1-23.

Buccal Tube Long, Mouth At Anterior Of A Protrusible Snout

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal Tube With Spiral Reinforcement

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Peribuccal papillae?

Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

(Lateral) cephalic papillae, peribuccal papillae, Milnesiidae - type claws, exceptionally wide (and usually short) buccal tube?

Cephalic image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Claw image modified from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Pharyngeal tube flexible?

Note: in a tardigrade with snout extended, the flex of the pharyngeal tube may not be obvious.


Images from Pilato G, Binda MG. 2010. Definition of families, subfamilies, genera, and subgenera of the Eutardigrada, and keys to their identification. Zootaxa. 2404: 1-54.

Serrated / dentate cuff / collar on legs IV

Left image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Right Image from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Leg sensory structures

Typically papilla on leg IV (se4 in image) and variable shape on leg I


Image from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Trunk appendages

Appendages (after Cirrus A) labeled according to plate … B (Scapular plate), C (First segmental plate), D (Second segmental plate), E (terminal plate). “B” is lateral, “Bd” is dorsal

Be careful! There can be great variability within a population, with individuals (especially juveniles) lacking some appendages. When in doubt, focus on other characters first!


Left image from Ramazzotti G, Maucci W. 1983. Il phylum Tardigrada(III edizione riveduta e aggiornata). English translation by C. W. Beasley, 1995. Memorie dell’ Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia 41: 1-1012.

Right image cropped from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Cirrus A form

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

Lower image (Mopsechiniscus) modified from du Bois-Reymond Marcus E. 1944. Sobre tardigrados brasileiros. Communicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo. 1(13): 1-19 plus plates.

Terminal / caudal plate with two notches?

Images modified from Kristensen RM. 1987. Generic revision of the Echiniscidae (Heterotardigrada), with a discussion of the origin of the family. pp. 261-335 in Bertolani R (ed). Biology of Tardigrades: Selected symposia and monographs.

First image (Echiniscus) modified from Richters F. 1926. Tardigrada. in Krumbach T. 1927. Handbuch der Zoologie, 3rd band, Walter de Gruyter & Co.

Inner & outer buccal cirri present

Image modified from Nelson DR, Guidetti R, Rebecchi L. 2009. Tardigrada. Ch. 14 in Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates, Thorp JH, Covich AP (eds.), 3rd ed.

Pseudosegmental plate between last medial plate & terminal plate?

Note on 2nd image, what you see before the terminal plate is either no plate, or a full-width medial plate; don’t confuse the latter with a pseudosegmental plate!
Also, sometimes the pseudosegmental plate is paired, like segmental plates II & III. It’s still pseudosegmental!

Images from Clifford HF. 1991. Aquatic invertebrates of Alberta. University of Alberta Press, Alberta, Canada.

Segmental plates larger than intersegmental?

Image modified from Lindahl & Balser (1999), http://www.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage35.html

Any Paired Plates?

Modified from Lindahl K, Balser S.  1999. Key to tardigrade genera [Internet]. Available from: https://sun.iwu.edu/~tardisdp/Keypage33.html